The meaning of NGOs:
Nongovernmental organizations
NGO characteristics
Different
types of NGOs
History of
NGOs
Reasons for the current growth of
NGOs
NGO and globalization
Challenges and
responses
Meaning of NGO
•
Formal: institutionalized
•
Private: nongovernmental
•
Self-governing
•
Exhibition of altruistic value and ideologically
driven
•
Nonprofit distributing
•
Development oriented
Different Types of
NGOs
Supply-Side NGOs
•
Welfare oriented NGOs
•
Provide services directly to local
community
•
Rely on volunteers and
staff
•
CARE, Plan International,
MSF
Demand-Side NGOs
•
Advocacy/lobbying work
•
Advance beliefs and
ideologies
•
Seek to influence public
policy
•
the Interaction and Steering Committee
for Humanitarian Response
(SCHR)
National NGOs or GRSOs
-
intermediary
organizations
-
Professionally staff, nationally based,
educated middle
class
-
Bureaucratic org
-
Externally funded
GROs
-
known as CBOs or Pos
-
Membership orgs
-
Community oriented
-
Small self-help orgs
-
Run by volunteers
-
Locally based
Evolution of
NGOs
Lindenberg & Bryant
NNGOs
•
Based on org structure, production of
services, and governance
•
National NGOs: MSF
France
•
Multinational NGOs: Mercy
Corps
•
Fully multinational NGOs: CARE, SCF,
Plan
David Korten
“Four-Generation NGOs”
•
First generation: welfare
oriented
•
Second generation: sustainable,
self-help orgs
•
Third generation: advocacy, structural
change
•
Fourth: social
movement
History of INGOs
Emergence: 1775-1918
-
National issues: slave trade, peace
movement, labour rights
-
Humanitarian relief for war victims and
refugees
II. Engagement: 1920 to 1940
-
raising awareness of international
issues
-
Interacting with
governments
III. Disengagement: 1941-1944
-
Humanitarian and emergency for war
victims
-
Growing hostility
-
Inhibited NGO
participation
IV. Formalization 1945-late
1960s
-
recognition by international
agencies
-
No real cooperation
V: Late 1960s-1970s: Quite
Growth
•
Gov as recipient of international
aid
•
Gov as the engine of
development
•
Prevalence of
TNCs
•
Mutual mistrust
•
NGO presence was
tolerated
VI: 1980s: Limited contribution of
NGOs
•
Reagan and Thatcher
era
•
Market as the engine of
growth
•
Dominance of institutional
donors
•
Donor-led
development
•
Development of NGO cooperation with
official aid system
VII: 1990s: Favored Child
-
alternative model of development
(people-centered model)
-
NGOs as the preferred mechanism of
development
-
Failure of past
efforts
-
Evidence of NGO
growth
-
Gained access to
policymakers
VIII: 2000-current:
Self-examination
-
critical path of
NGOs
-
Welfare providers for official aid
system or advocacy
organizations
-
Fundamental values and roles of NGOs in
development
NGO-Growth
Factors
•
Fiscal crisis: budget cut, slow economy,
economic recession
•
The End of Cold War
•
The Third Wave of Democratic
Opening
•
An increasing use of public bilateral
and multilateral resources
•
Privatization
•
Change in ideology: The New Policy
Agenda
•
Growing demand
Globalization
Challenges
3 aspects of
globalization
•
Social globalization
•
Economic globalization
•
Political
globalization
NGO Challenges
1. New Waves of Complex
Emergencies
2. New Form of Global Poverty
3. Declining capacity of national
governments
4. Weak and outmoded global
institutions
5. New pressure for accountability and
efficiency
6. New pressures to respond
globally
7. Recreating purpose and
mystique
Internal Response
Needed
Reexamine our values
•
Create a new vision and
mission
•
Design new relief and development
programs
•
Transform organizational
culture
•
Increases
accountability
•
Build global networks for services,
fundraising, and advocacy
•
Restore meaning in organizational
work
Variables in Managing
Change
•
Stakeholder
review
•
Staff morale and
issues
•
Partnership
choices
•
Program review
problems/possibilities
•
Financial/base/options for
change
•
Donors’ roles and
relationships
•
A learning
organization
Progress and Bumps in the
Road
Progress
•
Mission and values
•
Relief and development
programming
•
Service and Support
systems
•
National Boards and global family
governance
•
Partnership beyond the
family
Bumps
•
Middle managers
•
Structure of NGO
families
•
Donor pressure
•
Unpredictable external
environment
•
Staff motivation and organizational
culture
